Lev Vygotsky Theories Analysis

Lev Vygotsky Theories Analysis Lev Vygotsky was a developmental psychologist born in Russia in 1896 in Byelorussia and passed away in 1934 due to Tuberculosis. Throughout his lifetime Vygotsky went from Medical school to law school, from law school to literature, and from literature to psychology. Although he was in the five percent of Jews allowed to attend a university he wasnt allowed to study to be the teacher that he desired to be. After finding an interest in psychology he began to explore child development and child psychology. He graduated from the University of Moscow with a degree in literature. According to Vygotsky the overall goal of education is to generate and lead development which is the result social learning through internalization of culture and social relationships. (The Educational Theory of Lev Vygotsky: an analysis) Lev Vygotsky was intrigued by the relationship between learning and human development. In addition to his theories he wrote over a hundred books and articles that were all stored in a secret library and were not published until after his death. His two major recognized pieces are The Psychology of Art and The crisis in Psychology. Two of his main concepts were inner speech and the zone of proximal development. Vygotsky believed that inner speech is what guides a childs planning and other thought processes. He also believed that learning leads development and the immaturity of students conscious awareness and mastery of their thinking at a school age and sets the stage for his concept of the zone of proximal development (Education Encyclopedia: Lev Vygotsky). Vygotskys theory is called sociocultural because it focuses on how values, beliefs, skills, and traditions are transmitted to the next generation. He considered the child as a whole, and believed in a connection between culture a nd development. He believed that childrens skills and interactions varied by culture and that a child learns through family not through stages. Vygotsky thought that a large amount of learning was through play because language and development are built upon each other. When a mentor thinks that a student is ready for a new challenge and can conquer the challenge almost independently, a zone of proximal development is drawn. It is a range of learning that would be what a child can learn on its own but better with the help of someone else. Scaffolding involves encouragement and assistance in the form of advice and suggestions to aid a child in mastering a new concept (Davison). Through what Vygotsky called dialogues, we socially interact and communicate with others to learn the cultural values of our society. The sociocultural theory suggests that learning is active and constructive. Vygotsky claimed that interaction and direct teaching were critical aspects of a childs cognitive deve lopment and that a childs level of thinking could be advanced by such interaction. Language is socially based and childrens speech during age three to seven is tied to what children think. The development of language is considered to be a major principle of Vygotskys sociocultural theory. The language of a certain group of people indicates their cultural beliefs and value system. He thinks that children gradually grow intellectually and begin to function on their own because of assistance. He also says that a childs cognitive abilities increase through exposure to information that is new, interesting, and easy to understand. When children play and cooperate with others they learn what is important in their society and advance cognitively in their understanding of the world. The sociocultural theory suggests that development is a reciprocal transaction between the people in a childs environment and the child. According to Vygotsky, people and settings influence a child and in return influences the people and settings. He also suggested that children with and without disabilities be taught together, he thought isolation would hinder social Development. As a constructivist, Vygotsky believed that learning is affected by the context in which an idea is taught as well as by students beliefs and attitudes. Vygotsky felt that learning happens before development can occur and that children learn because of history and symbolism. Lev Vygotsky is considered a seminal thinker in psychology, and much of his work is still being discovered and explored today. While he was like Skinner, Pavlov, Freud and Piaget, his work never attained their level of acknowledgement during his lifetime. Part of this was because his work was often criticized by the Communist Party in Russia, and so his writings were largely inaccessible to the Western world, his early death at age 38 also contributed. Vygotsky was one of the first people to recognize and acknowledge the importance of culture and as today becomes more multicultural the sociocultural theory is helping us understand the influences on development. In conclusion, cognitive development plays a key role in learning and thinking methods of children. Vygotsky offers some incredible insight into the possible ways children learn and by using these theories it is possible to create a more conducive learning environment for each child. I believe that principles such as scaffoldi ng, co-constructed knowledge, dialogue, and cultural tools are all important components of a students knowledge acquisition. By helping students within their zone of proximal development, we offer them useful learning strategies which they internalize and utilize later. Works Cited Browne, Gordon. Beginnings and Beyond. Thomson Delmar Learning , n.d. -. Beginnings and Beyond. Thompson, n.d. Davison, Brandi. Piaget Vs. Vygotsky. Ac Associated Content 08 December 2006. Feldmen, Robert. Child Development 5th edition. Prentice Hall, n.d. Gredler, Margaret E. Education Encyclopedia: Lev Vygotsky. 10 23 2009. . K. Geonnotti, D. Passalacqua. The Educational Theory of Lev Vygotsky: an analysis. 2007. .

Dementia Care

EIGHT CAREGIVING MAXIMS FOR DEALING WITH PERPLEXING BEHAVIOURS ?Don’t try and stop people with dementia from doing something just because it isn’t being done â€Å"properly†. Give them time to do things in their own way at their own pace. ?People with dementia understand far more than they are ever given credit for. Take care what is said in their presence and don’t exclude them from conversations or decisions. Bossiness is Just Not On. It’s very easy to confuse â€Å"caring† with â€Å"controlling† and nothing winds up any one of us more than the sense that someone else is controlling our lives. And if someone can’t find the words to protest, then resistance or aggressive actions will ensue. ?Ask the question, â€Å"Who is it a problem for – us or them? † If it’s us, we should be old and ugly enough to let things ride.Does it really matter that he wants to go to bed with his trousers on, doesn’t want a wash right now, eats mashed potato with his fingers, says there are little green men in the garden? Don’t scold, argue or contradict. Go With the Flow, however bizarre it seems. ?Preserve their autonomy for as long as possible by giving them choice (e. g. in what clothes to wear) and celebrate what they can still do, rather than bemoan what they can’t. ?There is always a reason for agitation – often something or somebody in the environment.Try to spot the cause and change it if possible. ?If they can’t enter our world, we must enter theirs and affirm it. Forget reality orientation – what day is it, where are you, who’s the Prime Minister – who cares? Enjoy fantastic adventures with them in their â€Å"real† world instead. Be prepared to time-travel backwards into their personal history. ?Look behind the illness and reach out to the frightened person still in there who needs to feel secure, respected and cherished.

Augustinian Theodicy

The Augustinian Theodicy From Augustine in his booke ‘Confessions' in 397AD. His argument was that God is good and created a world perfectly good and free from defection, evil & suffering. Based on Genesis 1-3 ‘Either God cannot abolish evil, or he will not. If he cannot, he is not all-powerful, if he will not he is not all-good. ‘ Augustine ‘The believer must have, in a cool moment, a solution to the problem of evil. If he does not, his faith is not rational†¦ ‘ Richard Swinburne The perfect world – â€Å"God saw all that he had made and saw that it was good. Genesis – Evil is a privation of good as darkness is a privation of light. – Humanity has free will to choose good over evil. The Fall – Natural & moral evil exist because things fell short of what God intended. – â€Å"The penalty of sin corrects the dishonour of sin† Augustine. – God shouldn't intervene because evil is the price of freedom. H umans can't overcome the inevitably of them sinning. – The fall marks the entrance of evil into the world. (The fall being Adam's mistake). – Humanity has an inherent guilt as descendants of Adam & Eve (original sin).We have to ‘put up with' what we have indirectly done to the Universe. The punishment for the original sin is ‘seminally present'. Intervention – There is hope through Jesus for all. This is a God given opportunity for those with good intentions to find a selfish reason for doing good. – Augustine's theodicy is soul-deciding. Meaning we have a choice of path metaphorically in life. In this way Augustine tries to prove the righteousness of God. By showing that God was right not to intervene when we chose to do wrong against God.And that giving us the choice of giving our life to christ is a act of generosity. However this contradicts the idea of him being all-loving as this theodicy tells us that God would let there be a way to bri ng evil & suffering into the world. But if he did not mean this, it either contradicts the fact that he is all-knowing or all-powerful. Basically†¦ God made a perfect world (is this true? ), humans committed the original sin (God does not have control), evil took the world, God didn't intervene (as a just punishment), but he gave us a way to desire to be perfect.Natural evil – came through the loss in nature after ‘the fall' Moral evil – came through the new knowledge of good and evil which was discovered through disobedience. Punishments: Separation from God. Expulsion from the garden of Eden. They must now live in a fallen world. Pain in childbirth. Struggle with the earth to yield a harvest. Tension between man and woman. Physical death. Old testament – God sends the law & prophets to try and restore the relationship between humans and God. But these methods fail, leading to Jesus. New Testament – God sends Jesus. In Augustine's eyes this wa s the best God had to offer.

Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups

Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups Often referred to as agnatic, patrilineal descent is an affiliation arrangement of a society where the lineage and ancestry is drawn from the male link. Through the great ancestors to the current generation, family tree concentrates on the male members. For instance, ancestry is passed through the grandfather, to his son, to his grandson, and to his great grandson in the same sequence.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, matrilineal descent, commonly known as uterine descent, is an affiliation in the family ancestry which concentrates on the ancestress. From a generation to another, descent is passed through an intertwined series of female dichotomy. Unlike Cognatic descent, which embrace the male and female links simultaneously, Patrilineal and Matrilineal descents are independent of each other and often exist as whole in a s pecific society depending on the traditional circumstances from which acculturation used to operate, and still does. Different societal settings tend to embrace and associate with different descent groupings controlled by exchange restraint which is an organized alliance of systems functioning concurrently to maintain and transfer tangible kinship validation ‘certificate’. For example, in a patrilineal descent, the descent group is composed of both the females and males sired by a father belonging to the patriarchal affiliation. However, the descent of the mother is matrilineal. Analogously, the same scenario is true for a matrilineal decent. In role assignment, one society might consider patrilineal decent affiliation for certain responsibilities such as political functions, and the other embrace matrilineal descent in inheritance channeling. Matrilineal descent is still common in the Kingdom of Msuati of Swaziland. In this society, the political goodwill is only viabl e when the aspirant is endorsed by his matrilineal affiliations. In Palestine, inheritance channeling is exclusively determined by the fact that such an individual, irrespective of sex, belongs to a patrilineal descent. The foundation of the American constitution was laid on the solid equal rights plate. Overtime, irrespective of gender, American culture has embraced independence and autonomy as families adopt nuclear affiliations as opposed to extended family ties.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As these families grow smaller and smaller, the majority has finally accepted every member of their families as equals when allocating resources, opportunities, and roles. This trend has necessitated the adoption of Cognatic descent, which is a fusion between matrilineal and patrilineal descents (Schultz and Lavenda 48). Class and Caste Systems of Stratification While class seg mentation is temporary, a caste system is permanent. Across the globe, economic, political, and social circumstances may trigger upward, neutral, and downward nobilities characterized by a change in the social class an individual belongs to. However, a caste is a ‘permanent tag caste on a stone’ on an individual irrespective of the class. Thus, it is in order to categorically quantify the fact that class is dependent on opportunities such as education, income variance, employment, and infrastructure. In contrast, caste system is of social inherency and physical from birth, and is organized in such away that it will determine types of lifetime opportunities assigned permanently to that caste (Schultz and Lavenda 87). In caste system, the type of job, marriage partner, and social groupings is determined by social ideology or religious dogma deeply rooted and embraced by the society in which it exists. On the other hand, in class affiliation, these factors are not determin ed by a religious ideology; rather, they are determined by education level, hard work, and talents among others. Besides, there is complete freedom and ability to move, make decisions on occupation, and lifestyle. Although caste system is illegal across many societies and countries across the globe, the system is still deeply rooted in Indian where the type of job, marriage partner, religious role, and social group is determined by the caste of such an individual. The social structure of the United States of America functions in class system stratification though inclusive of hidden discrepancies associated with caste system such as discrimination of the minorities due to skin color, gender, race, nationality, and religion since it is a state acquired in life and not determined by birth. Often, Americans who practice Islamic religious are prone to harassment by C.I.A and the Homeland Security for baseless allegations of terrorism affiliation. Though practiced in small scale, the dis trict courts are pilled with cases on racism slug due to skin color and belonging to a minority group especially Latino and Negro.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social Change Being an intriguing idea, social change focuses on a mirrored reflection of what a society would like to visualize from a string of intertwining ideas. Social change involves impersonal consciousness, stepwise process, and absolute necessity assumptions aimed at creating a sustainable, friendly, and acceptable irksome feeling. The reactive process to these components is what is referred to as social change. At quantitative level, this continuous process embraces both ecological dimension and internal operation engine as a measure of variance between the former and the later result when these occurrences fuse. Change advocacy is a necessity towards actualizing ideas a cceptable to the society. Irrespective of the social and economic climate in which change agents operate, the questions to consider in change advocacy revolves around policy solutions, engagement, administration, and change argumentation. In the America society, citizens have adopted bureaucratic, ideological, legislative, and mass appeal to advocate for change (Schultz and Lavenda 79). Under the bureaucratic arrangement, individual involved is often an expert with vast experience in the subject of change. For instance, in the new health plan proposed by the Obama administration, experts have presented a well researched optional approach into health provision to the government decision makers with an intention of convincing this group to accept their proposal. In practicing ideological advocacy as a means of influencing change, individuals sharing the same ideology mobilize together in protests and demonstrations to express their dissatisfactions to the decision making organs for ap propriate actions. Across the societies of the world, it is a common occurrence to spot protesting workers and unions due to low wages and poor working conditions. Specifically, this criterion is almost succeeding in Yemen where the mass have mobilized to protest against poor governance and mismanagement. On the facets of legislative approach, an individual might opt to use the constitutional law courts to present a proposal, complaint, or complement with an intention of convincing the decision making academy to buy such ideas. Here, the basis of arguments is based on federal legislative process. Mass advocacy is the most common approach used by change agents to pass information on the necessity and purpose of change. In the Arab society, the people have successfully practiced this approach to petition leaders believed to be of authoritarian school of thought.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From Libya to Egypt in Africa, the people have successfully used the social media to influence opinion of the mass and gain their support. In the end, the seasoned leaders were misplaced and displaced by the mass influence organized in continuous solidarity protests. Besides, assimilation approach has bared fruit among the gays and lesbians in America. The members of this group have managed to convince the society on the need to coexist by employing civil rights movements, public protests, and race riots as actualized by the sin city sisters of Las Vegas. Marriage Patterns In defining marriage, anthropologists formulate valid cross-cultural variations of modern and traditional forms. Thus, in traditional definition, marriage is a permanent union organizing parents and children in a domestic arrangement with each member having defined roles to play within institutionalized patterns. In the modern definition, marriage is a permanent and exclusive union of a man and a woman with define d parental responsibilities and sex rights. Monogamy marriage limits the individual in this union to a partner at a time. Marriage arrangement is thus between a man and a woman in a permanent union. On the other hand, polygyny marriage is a union of a man to more than one female as practiced in several societies of Africa and Asia since time in sundry. This may also occur in the form of serial polygyny under which the union occurs seriatim. Polyandry marriage is a union of a woman to more than one man. When the men in this arrangement are brothers, it is referred to as fraternal polyandry. These forms of marriage unions exist in different societies depending on acculturation and societal beliefs and values (Schultz and Lavenda 89). In the traditional society of the Asian culture, men were considered complete and respect accorded on the number of wives a man had. The religion demanded that men had to marry and take care of many women as a symbol of continuation. Polyandry functioned in West Ghana in the 18th century. This culture was adopted and practiced by members of this society who idolized women as goddess of continuation and a link from a generation to another. Monogamy is the most common type of marriage in the contemporary society. This practice can be attributed to economic hardships, religion, and modernization which has librated women as equals of men. The existence of these forms of marriages has been influenced by the type of religion, economic status, and traditional practices upon which the society is founded. Essence of Cultural Anthropology Since the commencement of this semester, I have learnt to appreciate the essence of culture as part and parcel of an individual existing in any society. Culture is as complex as the society itself. Culture consists of unique identity symbolism, language, politics, and religion. The deep knowledge on culture is of essence in appreciating and reflecting on behavior and understanding inter and intra personal de scent. In addition, I have learnt to appreciate different theories on culture developed to explain the uniqueness and geographical setting of cultures in America and a cross the globe. The most interesting concepts in this class were the organization dimensions, marriage and family, and globalization as defined by different theories in cultural anthropology. Specifically, organization dimension widen my scope in understanding functionality of a system. However, the caste system as practiced in India drew various arguments especially with the modernization in the 21st century. Though research confirmed the existence of this system in some parts of India, it is almost impossible to live with the reality of a generational existence pegged merely on dogmatic ideology in a planet where everyone has become a global citizen. Schultz, Emily, and Lavenda, R. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human  Condition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

Land Rover Case

Land Rover Case Land Rover CaseAfter an extensive research regarding consumer demands for SUV's - there seems to be an increasing demand to develop SUV's to accommodate a consumers' safety, price value, usage purpose, and luxury needs to foster the constant change in consumer tastes and preferences. In order to satisfy these criteria, the ability to position the SUV correctly while targeting the appropriate consumers will determine the overall firm wide success in the future.Due to staggering costs that are required in purchasing and maintaining a Land Rover, the target market to position their fleet of cars should be geared towards those who are more likely to afford the vehicle. In Exhibit 1, the average buyers for Land Rovers have incomes of at least $100, 000. This expensive and luxury brand association with Land Rover will nonetheless be instilled in the minds of consumers as the luxury car alternative that tackles any on/off-road challenges, while adapting and conforming with the constant chan ge in trends, styles, and tastes of the typical American consumer.a Sussex Police Land Rover DefenderOriginally designed and marketed as a general-purpose vehicle that provided countryside workers with an efficient mean of transportation, there is now a new and untapped market opportunity for development and expansion to attract suburban and city dwellers to enter this market for SUV's. This market development to expand operations will penetrate into the largest automotive industry in the world, the United States. The growing demand to own a safe and dependable SUV to fulfill the needs of an average family of four to five is another great opportunity to quickly emerge as the leader into this market for SUV's. If Land Rover reacts quickly in an expansion plan for productions and operations, market domination can result from the foreseeable profitability in the long run.Land Rover's image as having...

Small Business Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business Strategies - Essay Example In recent years, truck foods have tremendously grown. This tremendous resurgence had been fueled various factors including technological advancements in the food production industry, post-recessionary factors among others. Technology has taken part in a significant role in the development of truck food industry. The manufacturers of food production equipment have effectively managed to develop equipment that are effective in terms their mobility, reliability as well as environmental friendliness. In most cases, food truck businesses are sole proprietorship businesses. In this form of business, the business is owned by one person. The most important feature of this form of business and in particular to a truck food business the regulations do not make any peculiarity between the business and the sole proprietor. Virtually, all government regulations that are associated the owner covers the business. Food trucks are a question to the same choice of concern just like other food service business. Most they have a fixed address to receive deliveries of supplies. In other cases, a commercial kitchen may be required for the preparation of food. There are various forms of permits and licenses that may be required for a food truck business to be operational. Additionally, the business may require certification from the public health departments to ensure that the health code is observed. Although the legal requirements and definition for food truck businesses may vary depending on the location some typical elements include business as well as liability insurance, a commercial vehicle operator registration of the truck, a work permit for the area in which the business will be operated, food handler certificate, the necessary driver licenses for the truck driver among other requirements (Weber 139). After acquiring the necessary legal requirements, starting a truck food business is just like any other form of business. Apparently, the

Any company of the ones in the Quesation paper Case Study

Any company of the ones in the Quesation paper - Case Study Example Key elements of IBM's web strength are listed below: 1) IBM has highly reliable web infrastructure used to host its website and is available 24X7. 2) It has adopted its own web services platform known as Websphere for hosting its web services. 3) Back-end is hosted on its robust server infrastructure consisting of IBM mainframes. 4) The website is intuitive and easy to use, without complicated English or too much of technical words - IBM's site is one of the simplest to read and understand. 5) The web services are country-specific covering all services for a given country. This is a huge competitive advantage because IBM operates out of more than 170 countries! 6) The 'support and services' part of its website is designed very well - it is simple and easy to use. 7) It's e-commerce facilities are built on its own CommercePOINT platform - The platform details are shown below: Picture 2 - Source: wolrath.com 8) It has solid partner services in the form of 'IBM Partnerworld' - All partner business facilities are available as part of this website. 9) It has a very robust data warehouse and business intelligence back-end to interpret web requests and serve the relevant information. Competitive Advantages of web services The key elements that make IBM stand out apart from its competitors such as HP, Accenture and others are as follows: a) The Websphere web services platform has become very popular and it is even used by competitors today for packaging and use web application services. b) Its back-end mainframes are very robust and are built with the longest duration of research and development within the market. c) Its country-specific services are completely localized to individual countries and this has proven very useful for marketing and sales targeted at...It is therefore chosen as the subject of this business analysis. The analysis is divided into three parts as follows: d) IBM is a big supporter of open source development. It has built a separate web facility called 'DeveloperWorks' to help software and IT professionals. This is hugely popular and is seen as an advantage over competitors. e) The PartnerWorld web portal for its developers is used very well by its several partners. IBM has been a strong partnering company right from the beginning and this strength has come over to its web services for the partners as well. IBM has been a company of radical change all through its decades of existence. The Organization is traditionally known to be very conservative and formal in its management style - but surprisingly, it has made very strong and firm moves repeatedly to meet changing market conditions and demands. Major changes are discussed below: i. The turning point in IBM's history was when the company decided to enter the field of digital computers (manufacturing) in the early 1950's.